{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "AAAnDw04iAm4"
   },
   "source": [
    "<table style=\"width:100%\">\n",
    "<tr>\n",
    "<td style=\"vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;\">\n",
    "<font size=\"2\">\n",
    "Supplementary code for the <a href=\"http://mng.bz/orYv\">Build a Large Language Model From Scratch</a> book by <a href=\"https://sebastianraschka.com\">Sebastian Raschka</a><br>\n",
    "<br>Code repository: <a href=\"https://github.com/rasbt/LLMs-from-scratch\">https://github.com/rasbt/LLMs-from-scratch</a>\n",
    "</font>\n",
    "</td>\n",
    "<td style=\"vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;\">\n",
    "<a href=\"http://mng.bz/orYv\"><img src=\"https://sebastianraschka.com/images/LLMs-from-scratch-images/cover-small.webp\" width=\"100px\"></a>\n",
    "</td>\n",
    "</tr>\n",
    "</table>\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "O9i6kzBsZVaZ"
   },
   "source": [
    "# Appendix A: Introduction to PyTorch (Part 2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "ppbG5d-NZezH"
   },
   "source": [
    "## A.9 Optimizing training performance with GPUs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "6jH0J_DPZhbn"
   },
   "source": [
    "### A.9.1 PyTorch computations on GPU devices"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "colab": {
     "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
    },
    "id": "RM7kGhwMF_nO",
    "outputId": "b1872617-aacd-46fa-e5f3-f130fd81b246"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2.4.0+cu121\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import torch\n",
    "\n",
    "print(torch.__version__)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "colab": {
     "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
    },
    "id": "OXLCKXhiUkZt",
    "outputId": "e9ca3c58-d92c-4c8b-a9c9-cd7fcc1fedb4"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "True\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(torch.cuda.is_available())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "colab": {
     "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
    },
    "id": "MTTlfh53Va-T",
    "outputId": "bae76cb5-d1d3-441f-a7c5-93a161e2e86a"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "tensor([5., 7., 9.])\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tensor_1 = torch.tensor([1., 2., 3.])\n",
    "tensor_2 = torch.tensor([4., 5., 6.])\n",
    "\n",
    "print(tensor_1 + tensor_2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "colab": {
     "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
    },
    "id": "Z4LwTNw7Vmmb",
    "outputId": "9ad97923-bc8e-4c49-88bf-48dc1de56804"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "tensor([5., 7., 9.], device='cuda:0')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tensor_1 = tensor_1.to(\"cuda\")\n",
    "tensor_2 = tensor_2.to(\"cuda\")\n",
    "\n",
    "print(tensor_1 + tensor_2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "colab": {
     "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
     "height": 158
    },
    "id": "tKT6URN1Vuft",
    "outputId": "8396eb18-47c8-47a1-c1b6-8bcb9480fb52"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "RuntimeError",
     "evalue": "Expected all tensors to be on the same device, but found at least two devices, cuda:0 and cpu!",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mRuntimeError\u001b[0m                              Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m/tmp/ipykernel_2321/2079609735.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<cell line: 2>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtensor_1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtensor_1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mto\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"cpu\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtensor_1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0mtensor_2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mRuntimeError\u001b[0m: Expected all tensors to be on the same device, but found at least two devices, cuda:0 and cpu!"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tensor_1 = tensor_1.to(\"cpu\")\n",
    "print(tensor_1 + tensor_2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "c8j1cWDcWAMf"
   },
   "source": [
    "### A.9.2 Single-GPU training"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "id": "GyY59cjieitv"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X_train = torch.tensor([\n",
    "    [-1.2, 3.1],\n",
    "    [-0.9, 2.9],\n",
    "    [-0.5, 2.6],\n",
    "    [2.3, -1.1],\n",
    "    [2.7, -1.5]\n",
    "])\n",
    "\n",
    "y_train = torch.tensor([0, 0, 0, 1, 1])\n",
    "\n",
    "X_test = torch.tensor([\n",
    "    [-0.8, 2.8],\n",
    "    [2.6, -1.6],\n",
    "])\n",
    "\n",
    "y_test = torch.tensor([0, 1])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "id": "v41gKqEJempa"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from torch.utils.data import Dataset\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "class ToyDataset(Dataset):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, X, y):\n",
    "        self.features = X\n",
    "        self.labels = y\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __getitem__(self, index):\n",
    "        one_x = self.features[index]\n",
    "        one_y = self.labels[index]\n",
    "        return one_x, one_y\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __len__(self):\n",
    "        return self.labels.shape[0]\n",
    "\n",
    "train_ds = ToyDataset(X_train, y_train)\n",
    "test_ds = ToyDataset(X_test, y_test)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "id": "UPGVRuylep8Y"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from torch.utils.data import DataLoader\n",
    "\n",
    "torch.manual_seed(123)\n",
    "\n",
    "train_loader = DataLoader(\n",
    "    dataset=train_ds,\n",
    "    batch_size=2,\n",
    "    shuffle=True,\n",
    "    num_workers=1,\n",
    "    drop_last=True\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "test_loader = DataLoader(\n",
    "    dataset=test_ds,\n",
    "    batch_size=2,\n",
    "    shuffle=False,\n",
    "    num_workers=1\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "id": "drhg6IXofAXh"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class NeuralNetwork(torch.nn.Module):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, num_inputs, num_outputs):\n",
    "        super().__init__()\n",
    "\n",
    "        self.layers = torch.nn.Sequential(\n",
    "\n",
    "            # 1st hidden layer\n",
    "            torch.nn.Linear(num_inputs, 30),\n",
    "            torch.nn.ReLU(),\n",
    "\n",
    "            # 2nd hidden layer\n",
    "            torch.nn.Linear(30, 20),\n",
    "            torch.nn.ReLU(),\n",
    "\n",
    "            # output layer\n",
    "            torch.nn.Linear(20, num_outputs),\n",
    "        )\n",
    "\n",
    "    def forward(self, x):\n",
    "        logits = self.layers(x)\n",
    "        return logits"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "colab": {
     "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
    },
    "id": "7jaS5sqPWCY0",
    "outputId": "8a5cd93d-671c-4abf-d5cd-97845f300ffd"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Epoch: 001/003 | Batch 000/002 | Train/Val Loss: 0.75\n",
      "Epoch: 001/003 | Batch 001/002 | Train/Val Loss: 0.65\n",
      "Epoch: 002/003 | Batch 000/002 | Train/Val Loss: 0.44\n",
      "Epoch: 002/003 | Batch 001/002 | Train/Val Loss: 0.13\n",
      "Epoch: 003/003 | Batch 000/002 | Train/Val Loss: 0.03\n",
      "Epoch: 003/003 | Batch 001/002 | Train/Val Loss: 0.00\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import torch.nn.functional as F\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "torch.manual_seed(123)\n",
    "model = NeuralNetwork(num_inputs=2, num_outputs=2)\n",
    "\n",
    "device = torch.device(\"cuda\" if torch.cuda.is_available() else \"cpu\") # NEW\n",
    "model.to(device) # NEW\n",
    "\n",
    "# Note that the book originally used the following line, but the \"model =\" is redundant\n",
    "# model = model.to(device) # NEW\n",
    "\n",
    "optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.5)\n",
    "\n",
    "num_epochs = 3\n",
    "\n",
    "for epoch in range(num_epochs):\n",
    "\n",
    "    model.train()\n",
    "    for batch_idx, (features, labels) in enumerate(train_loader):\n",
    "\n",
    "        features, labels = features.to(device), labels.to(device) # NEW\n",
    "        logits = model(features)\n",
    "        loss = F.cross_entropy(logits, labels) # Loss function\n",
    "\n",
    "        optimizer.zero_grad()\n",
    "        loss.backward()\n",
    "        optimizer.step()\n",
    "\n",
    "        ### LOGGING\n",
    "        print(f\"Epoch: {epoch+1:03d}/{num_epochs:03d}\"\n",
    "              f\" | Batch {batch_idx:03d}/{len(train_loader):03d}\"\n",
    "              f\" | Train/Val Loss: {loss:.2f}\")\n",
    "\n",
    "    model.eval()\n",
    "    # Optional model evaluation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "id": "4qrlmnPPe7FO"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def compute_accuracy(model, dataloader, device):\n",
    "\n",
    "    model = model.eval()\n",
    "    correct = 0.0\n",
    "    total_examples = 0\n",
    "\n",
    "    for idx, (features, labels) in enumerate(dataloader):\n",
    "\n",
    "        features, labels = features.to(device), labels.to(device) # New\n",
    "\n",
    "        with torch.no_grad():\n",
    "            logits = model(features)\n",
    "\n",
    "        predictions = torch.argmax(logits, dim=1)\n",
    "        compare = labels == predictions\n",
    "        correct += torch.sum(compare)\n",
    "        total_examples += len(compare)\n",
    "\n",
    "    return (correct / total_examples).item()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "colab": {
     "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
    },
    "id": "1_-BfkfEf4HX",
    "outputId": "9453154f-0a5b-4a44-a3c9-f010e08d5a2c"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "compute_accuracy(model, train_loader, device=device)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "colab": {
     "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
    },
    "id": "iYtXKBGEgKss",
    "outputId": "d6cc870a-34de-490e-e5d3-23e6956744bd"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "compute_accuracy(model, test_loader, device=device)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "nc2LGFVbiAnB"
   },
   "source": [
    "### A.9.3 Training with multiple GPUs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "cOUza9iQiAnC"
   },
   "source": [
    "See [DDP-script.py](DDP-script.py)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "YOYk5Fh7iAnC"
   },
   "source": [
    "<img src=\"https://sebastianraschka.com/images/LLMs-from-scratch-images/appendix-a_compressed/12.webp\" width=\"600px\">\n",
    "<img src=\"https://sebastianraschka.com/images/LLMs-from-scratch-images/appendix-a_compressed/13.webp\" width=\"600px\">"
   ]
  }
 ],
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  "accelerator": "GPU",
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   "codemirror_mode": {
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